LangChain SDK Patterns (Python)

Overview

chain.batch(inputs) in LangChain 1.0 does not parallelize by default. The max_concurrency parameter defaults to 1 in several provider packages (notably older langchain-openai), so a call like chain.batch(inputs_1000) runs 1,000 sequential round-trips — same wall-clock time as a for loop, plus the overhead of the batch machinery. Users file "batch is slow" tickets, benchmark it against asyncio, and move to a different framework — when the fix is two lines:

# BAD — silently serializes (P08)
chain.batch(inputs_1000)

# GOOD — 10 in flight at once
chain.batch(inputs_1000, config={"max_concurrency": 10})

Then three more traps wait:

P07 — .with_fallbacks([backup]) defaults exceptions_to_handle=(Exception,), and on Python <3.12 that tuple includes KeyboardInterrupt. A Ctrl+C during a long run does not stop the process — it silently hands off to the fallback chain and keeps billing.
P57 — ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(..., template_format="f-string") (the default) parses every { in every string, including user input. A user who pastes {"error": "..."} raises KeyError: 'error' at invoke time.
P53 — Pydantic v2 rejects extra fields by default; models cheerfully add summary or confidence to your Plan schema and with_structured_output crashes with ValidationError: extra fields not permitted.

This skill walks through LCEL composition (RunnableSequence, RunnableParallel, RunnableBranch, RunnablePassthrough, RunnableLambda); the correct exceptions_to_handle whitelist per provider; max_concurrency tuning with safe ceilings (10 for most providers, 20+ with a semaphore); and prompt templates that survive untrusted input. Pin: langchain-core 1.0.x, langchain-anthropic 1.0.x, langchain-openai 1.0.x. Pain-catalog anchors: P07, P08, P53, P57.

Prerequisites

Python 3.10+ (3.12+ fixes the KeyboardInterrupt half of P07 — upgrade if you can)
langchain-core >= 1.0, < 2.0
At least one provider: pip install langchain-anthropic langchain-openai
pydantic >= 2.0 for schema-aware composition
Completed langchain-model-inference — the chat-model factory from that skill is reused here

Instructions

Step 1 — Compose with typed runnables, not lambdas

from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableParallel, RunnablePassthrough

llm = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-sonnet-4-6", timeout=30, max_retries=2)

prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
    [("system", "You are a summarizer."), ("human", "{text}")],
    template_format="jinja2",  # P57 — see Step 4
)

# Sequence: prompt -> llm -> str
chain = prompt | llm | StrOutputParser()

# Parallel: run two sub-chains and merge
enriched = RunnableParallel(
    summary=chain,
    original=RunnablePassthrough(),
)

The | operator creates a RunnableSequence. Each step has a declared input and output shape — swap a concrete model for a router and the type contract holds. See Runnable Composition Matrix for when to reach for RunnableSequence vs RunnableParallel vs RunnableBranch vs RunnableLambda, with input/output shape conventions for each.

Step 2 — Add fallbacks with a narrow exception whitelist

from anthropic import APIError, APITimeoutError, RateLimitError
from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI

backup = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o", timeout=30, max_retries=2)
backup_chain = prompt | backup | StrOutputParser()

# GOOD — only retry on transient provider errors
resilient = chain.with_fallbacks(
    [backup_chain],
    exceptions_to_handle=(RateLimitError, APIError, APITimeoutError),
)

# BAD — default `(Exception,)` catches KeyboardInterrupt on Python <3.12 (P07)
# resilient_bad = chain.with_fallbacks([backup_chain])

The default exceptions_to_handle=(Exception,) on Python <3.12 inherits KeyboardInterrupt and SystemExit into the caught set — which means a Ctrl+C during a long .batch() run falls through to the backup instead of stopping. Python 3.12+ moved these under BaseException directly, which fixes the inheritance path, but the default is still too broad: a Pydantic ValidationError or a ToolException will trigger a pointless backup call. See Fallback Exception List for the curated whitelist per provider with concrete imports.

Step 3 — Batch with explicit concurrency

import asyncio

inputs = [{"text": doc} for doc in documents]

# Synchronous batch — blocks until done
results = chain.batch(inputs, config={"max_concurrency": 10})

# Async batch — non-blocking
results = await chain.abatch(inputs, config={"max_concurrency": 10})

Safe ceilings: 10 for Anthropic and OpenAI at default tier; 20+ only behind an asyncio.Semaphore if you are also tracking rate-limit headers. Claude TPM/RPM limits vary by tier; OpenAI's TPD (tokens per day) is the binding limit at scale. See Batch Concurrency Tuning for per-provider ceilings and the semaphore pattern.

invoke vs batch vs stream — when each is correct:

Method	Input shape	Concurrency	Error behavior	When to use
`.invoke(x)`	Single	1	Raises on failure	One-shot call, interactive, tests
`.batch(xs, config={"max_concurrency": N})`	List	N parallel	Raises on first failure unless `return_exceptions=True`	Bulk sync workloads, ETL, eval harnesses
`.abatch(xs, config={"max_concurrency": N})`	List	N parallel (async)	Same as `.batch`	Event loops, async web servers, LangGraph nodes
`.stream(x)`	Single	1, chunked	Raises on failure	Interactive UI, live token display
`.astream(x)` / `.astream_events(x, version="v2")`	Single	1, chunked (async)	Raises on failure	Async UIs, event-driven pipelines, token metering (see `langchain-model-inference`)

Pass return_exceptions=True in the config to keep a batch from aborting on the first failure — exceptions come back in the result list instead of raising.

Step 4 — Escape prompt templates for untrusted input

from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate, MessagesPlaceholder

# BAD — default f-string format crashes on literal `{` in user input (P57)
bad = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
    [("system", "Reply in JSON"), ("human", "{user_text}")]
)
bad.invoke({"user_text": '{"error": "oops"}'})  # KeyError: 'error'

# GOOD — jinja2 treats `{...}` as literal, uses `{{ var }}` for substitution
good = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
    [("system", "Reply in JSON"), ("human", "{{ user_text }}")],
    template_format="jinja2",
)
good.invoke({"user_text": '{"error": "oops"}'})  # OK

# MIXED — message history is a list, use MessagesPlaceholder
with_history = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages([
    ("system", "You are a helpful assistant."),
    MessagesPlaceholder("history"),
    ("human", "{{ question }}"),
], template_format="jinja2")

Rule of thumb: if any variable can contain user-provided free text (a paste, a transcript, a code block), use template_format="jinja2". The f-string format is fine for trusted template authors composing fixed instructions, but it is the wrong tool for user input. See Prompt Template Escaping for the full brace-escaping rules and a MessagesPlaceholder reference.

Step 5 — Validate structured output with `extra="ignore"`

from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field

class Plan(BaseModel):
    # P53 — without this, the chain crashes when the model adds extra fields
    model_config = ConfigDict(extra="ignore")
    steps: list[str] = Field(default_factory=list)
    estimated_minutes: int

structured_chain = prompt | llm.with_structured_output(Plan, method="json_schema")

Pydantic v2 rejects unknown fields by default. Models trained on "be helpful" add summary, confidence, rationale — the schema crashes instead of dropping them. extra="ignore" is the right default for model outputs.

Output

RunnableSequence / RunnableParallel composition with declared input/output shapes
.with_fallbacks(exceptions_to_handle=(...)) with a narrow, provider-specific whitelist
.batch() / .abatch() with explicit max_concurrency (10 default, 20+ behind semaphore)
ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(..., template_format="jinja2") for any template touching user input
Pydantic schemas with ConfigDict(extra="ignore") for structured output
A clear invoke / batch / abatch / stream / astream decision matrix for each chain stage

Error Handling

Error	Cause	Fix
`Ctrl+C` does not stop a long `.batch()`; fallback keeps running	`exceptions_to_handle=(Exception,)` swallows `KeyboardInterrupt` on Python <3.12 (P07)	Pass a narrow tuple: `exceptions_to_handle=(RateLimitError, APIError, APITimeoutError)`
`.batch(inputs)` takes same time as sequential loop	`max_concurrency` defaults to 1 (P08)	`config={"max_concurrency": 10}`; raise to 20+ only with a semaphore
`KeyError: '<some-token>'` when invoking a `ChatPromptTemplate`	f-string parser reads user input's `{` as a variable (P57)	`template_format="jinja2"`; escape literals as `{{`/`}}` in f-string mode
`ValidationError: extra fields not permitted` on structured output	Pydantic v2 strict-by-default (P53)	`model_config = ConfigDict(extra="ignore")` on the schema
`ValidationError` caught by fallback and treated as transient	Fallback whitelist too broad	Remove `ValidationError` from `exceptions_to_handle` so it surfaces
`.batch` aborts on the first failure, losing all results	Default raises on first error	Pass `config={"max_concurrency": 10, "return_exceptions": True}` and filter
Fallback chain never fires even on genuine `RateLimitError`	Provider's own `max_retries` consumes the error first	Lower `max_retries=0` on the primary when a fallback chain is the retry strategy

Examples

Fan-out enrichment with RunnableParallel

A common pattern — given a document, produce a summary, extracted entities, and sentiment in parallel. RunnableParallel runs sub-chains concurrently and merges results into a dict. Combined with .batch() at the outer level, you get N documents times 3 sub-chains in flight up to max_concurrency.

See Runnable Composition Matrix for the fan-out/fan-in pattern and the input/output shape of each runnable type.

Resilient chain with per-provider fallback

Primary: Claude Sonnet 4.6. Fallback: GPT-4o. Catch only RateLimitError, APIError, and APITimeoutError from each SDK — let AuthenticationError and ValidationError crash the process so they get debugged, not masked.

See Fallback Exception List for the concrete imports per provider and a note on why BadRequestError should not be in the whitelist.

High-throughput batch with semaphore-bounded concurrency

At N >= 20 concurrent in-flight calls, provider rate-limit headers become the bottleneck. Wrap .abatch() in an asyncio.Semaphore and honor the retry-after header on 429 responses.

See Batch Concurrency Tuning for the semaphore pattern and a table of provider TPM/RPM limits per tier.

Prompt template over user-pasted JSON payload

Support ticket triage where users paste arbitrary JSON from their app's error log. Without template_format="jinja2", every single ticket with a JSON body crashes the chain at template-render time.

See Prompt Template Escaping for the worked example and the MessagesPlaceholder pattern for chat history.

Resources

LangChain Python: Runnable interface
LangChain Python: with_fallbacks
LangChain Python: batch and abatch
ChatPromptTemplate reference
Pydantic v2 ConfigDict
LangChain 1.0 release notes
Pack pain catalog: docs/pain-catalog.md (entries P07, P08, P53, P57)