React Production Engineering

Complete methodology for building production-grade React applications. Covers architecture decisions, component design, state management, performance optimization, testing, and deployment — not just API reference, but engineering methodology with decision frameworks, templates, and scoring systems.

Phase 1: Architecture Assessment

Quick Health Check (score /16)

• Component tree depth < 6 levels (+2)
• No prop drilling past 2 levels (+2)
• Bundle size < 200KB gzipped (+2)
• LCP < 2.5s on 4G (+2)
• Test coverage > 70% on business logic (+2)
• Zero any types in production code (+2)
• No direct DOM manipulation (+2)
• Consistent error boundaries (+2)

Architecture Brief

project:
  name: ""
  type: "" # spa | ssr | hybrid | static
  framework: "" # next | remix | vite-spa | astro
  scale: "" # small (<20 routes) | medium (20-100) | large (100+)
  team_size: "" # solo | small (2-5) | medium (6-15) | large (15+)
current_state:
  react_version: "" # 18 | 19
  typescript: true
  router: "" # react-router | next-app | tanstack-router
  state_management: "" # useState | zustand | jotai | redux | tanstack-query
  styling: "" # tailwind | css-modules | styled-components | vanilla-extract
  testing: "" # vitest | jest | playwright | cypress
  ci_cd: "" # github-actions | gitlab-ci | vercel
pain_points: []
goals: []

Framework Selection Decision Matrix

Factor	Vite SPA	Next.js	Remix	Astro
SEO needed	❌	✅ Best	✅ Good	✅ Best
Dashboard/app	✅ Best	✅ Good	✅ Good	❌
Content-heavy	❌	✅ Good	✅ Good	✅ Best
Team familiarity	✅ Simple	⚠️ Learning curve	⚠️ Web standards	⚠️ Islands
Deployment	Anywhere	Vercel optimal	Anywhere	Anywhere
Bundle size	You control	Framework overhead	Smaller	Minimal JS

Decision rules:

1. Dashboard/internal tool with no SEO → Vite SPA
2. Marketing + app hybrid → Next.js
3. Content-first with some interactivity → Astro
4. Web-standards-first, nested layouts → Remix
5. Default for most SaaS products → Next.js

---

Phase 2: Project Structure & Conventions

Recommended Feature-Based Structure

src/
├── app/                    # Routes/pages (framework-specific)
├── features/               # Feature modules (THE core pattern)
│   ├── auth/
│   │   ├── components/     # Feature-specific components
│   │   ├── hooks/          # Feature-specific hooks
│   │   ├── api/            # API calls & types
│   │   ├── utils/          # Feature utilities
│   │   ├── types.ts        # Feature types
│   │   └── index.ts        # Public API (barrel export)
│   ├── dashboard/
│   └── settings/
├── shared/                 # Cross-feature shared code
│   ├── components/         # Generic UI components
│   │   ├── ui/             # Primitives (Button, Input, Card)
│   │   └── layout/         # Layout components
│   ├── hooks/              # Generic hooks
│   ├── lib/                # Utilities, constants
│   └── types/              # Global types
├── providers/              # Context providers
└── styles/                 # Global styles

7 Structure Rules

1. Feature isolation — features/ never import from other features directly; use shared/ or events
2. Barrel exports — every feature has index.ts that defines its public API
3. Colocation — tests, stories, and styles live next to their component
4. Max file size — 300 lines. If bigger, split
5. Max component size — 50 lines of JSX. If bigger, extract
6. No circular deps — enforce with eslint-plugin-import
7. Types colocated — feature types in feature, shared types in shared/types

Naming Conventions

Components:     PascalCase.tsx       (UserProfile.tsx)
Hooks:          useCamelCase.ts      (useAuth.ts)
Utilities:      camelCase.ts         (formatCurrency.ts)
Types:          PascalCase.ts        (User.ts) or types.ts
Constants:      SCREAMING_SNAKE.ts   (API_ENDPOINTS.ts)
Test files:     *.test.tsx           (UserProfile.test.tsx)
Story files:    *.stories.tsx        (Button.stories.tsx)

---

Phase 3: Component Design Patterns

Component Anatomy Template

// 1. Imports (grouped: react → third-party → internal → types → styles)
import { useState, useCallback, memo } from 'react'
import { clsx } from 'clsx'
import { Button } from '@/shared/components/ui'
import type { User } from '../types'

// 2. Types (exported for reuse)
export interface UserCardProps {
  user: User
  onEdit?: (id: string) => void
  variant?: 'compact' | 'full'
  className?: string
}

// 3. Component (named export, not default)
export const UserCard = memo(function UserCard({
  user,
  onEdit,
  variant = 'full',
  className,
}: UserCardProps) {
  // 4. Hooks first
  const [isExpanded, setIsExpanded] = useState(false)

  // 5. Derived state (no useEffect for derived!)
  const displayName = `${user.firstName} ${user.lastName}`

  // 6. Handlers (useCallback for passed-down refs)
  const handleEdit = useCallback(() => {
    onEdit?.(user.id)
  }, [onEdit, user.id])

  // 7. Early returns for edge cases
  if (!user) return null

  // 8. JSX (max 50 lines)
  return (
    <div className={clsx('rounded-lg border p-4', className)}>
      <h3>{displayName}</h3>
      {variant === 'full' && <p>{user.bio}</p>}
      {onEdit && <Button onClick={handleEdit}>Edit</Button>}
    </div>
  )
})

Component Composition Patterns

1. Compound Components (for related UI groups)

// Usage: <Tabs><Tabs.List><Tabs.Tab>A</Tabs.Tab></Tabs.List><Tabs.Panel>...</Tabs.Panel></Tabs>
const TabsContext = createContext<TabsContextType | null>(null)

export function Tabs({ children, defaultValue }: TabsProps) {
  const [activeTab, setActiveTab] = useState(defaultValue)
  return (
    <TabsContext.Provider value={{ activeTab, setActiveTab }}>
      {children}
    </TabsContext.Provider>
  )
}
Tabs.List = TabsList
Tabs.Tab = TabsTab
Tabs.Panel = TabsPanel

2. Render Props (for flexible rendering logic)

export function DataList<T>({ items, renderItem, renderEmpty }: DataListProps<T>) {
  if (items.length === 0) return renderEmpty?.() ?? <EmptyState />
  return <ul>{items.map((item, i) => <li key={i}>{renderItem(item)}</li>)}</ul>
}

3. Higher-Order Components (for cross-cutting concerns — use sparingly)

export function withAuth<P>(Component: ComponentType<P>) {
  return function AuthenticatedComponent(props: P) {
    const { user, isLoading } = useAuth()
    if (isLoading) return <Spinner />
    if (!user) return <Navigate to="/login" />
    return <Component {...props} />
  }
}

10 Component Rules

1. One component per file — always
2. Named exports — never default exports (refactoring safety)
3. Props interface — always explicit, always exported
4. No business logic in components — extract to hooks
5. No inline styles — use Tailwind classes or CSS modules
6. No string refs — useRef only
7. No index as key — use stable identifiers
8. Memo strategically — not everywhere, only for expensive renders
9. Children over props — prefer composition over configuration
10. Accessible by default — semantic HTML, ARIA when needed

---

Phase 4: State Management Decision Framework

State Type Decision Tree

Is it server data (from API)?
├─ YES → TanStack Query (or SWR) — NEVER Redux/Zustand for server state
│
└─ NO → Is it shared across features?
    ├─ YES → Is it complex with many actions?
    │   ├─ YES → Zustand (or Redux Toolkit if team knows it)
    │   └─ NO → Jotai (atomic) or Zustand (simple store)
    │
    └─ NO → Is it shared within a feature?
        ├─ YES → Context + useReducer (or Zustand feature store)
        └─ NO → useState / useReducer (component-local)

State Management Comparison

Tool	Best For	Bundle	Learning	Team Size
useState	Component-local	0 KB	None	Any
useReducer	Complex local state	0 KB	Low	Any
Context	Feature-scoped, low-frequency	0 KB	Low	Any
Zustand	Global client state	1.1 KB	Low	Any
Jotai	Atomic derived state	3.4 KB	Medium	Small-Med
TanStack Query	Server state	12 KB	Medium	Any
Redux Toolkit	Complex global + middleware	11 KB	High	Large

Server State with TanStack Query

// api/users.ts — query key factory pattern
export const userKeys = {
  all: ['users'] as const,
  lists: () => [...userKeys.all, 'list'] as const,
  list: (filters: Filters) => [...userKeys.lists(), filters] as const,
  details: () => [...userKeys.all, 'detail'] as const,
  detail: (id: string) => [...userKeys.details(), id] as const,
}

// hooks/useUsers.ts
export function useUsers(filters: Filters) {
  return useQuery({
    queryKey: userKeys.list(filters),
    queryFn: () => fetchUsers(filters),
    staleTime: 5 * 60 * 1000, // 5 min
    placeholderData: keepPreviousData,
  })
}

export function useUpdateUser() {
  const queryClient = useQueryClient()
  return useMutation({
    mutationFn: updateUser,
    onMutate: async (newUser) => {
      // Optimistic update
      await queryClient.cancelQueries({ queryKey: userKeys.detail(newUser.id) })
      const previous = queryClient.getQueryData(userKeys.detail(newUser.id))
      queryClient.setQueryData(userKeys.detail(newUser.id), newUser)
      return { previous }
    },
    onError: (err, newUser, context) => {
      queryClient.setQueryData(userKeys.detail(newUser.id), context?.previous)
    },
    onSettled: (data, err, variables) => {
      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: userKeys.detail(variables.id) })
      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: userKeys.lists() })
    },
  })
}

Client State with Zustand

// stores/useUIStore.ts — thin, focused stores
interface UIStore {
  sidebarOpen: boolean
  theme: 'light' | 'dark' | 'system'
  toggleSidebar: () => void
  setTheme: (theme: UIStore['theme']) => void
}

export const useUIStore = create<UIStore>()(
  persist(
    (set) => ({
      sidebarOpen: true,
      theme: 'system',
      toggleSidebar: () => set((s) => ({ sidebarOpen: !s.sidebarOpen })),
      setTheme: (theme) => set({ theme }),
    }),
    { name: 'ui-preferences' }
  )
)

// Usage: const theme = useUIStore((s) => s.theme) — always use selectors!

5 State Management Rules

1. Server state ≠ client state — never mix them in the same store
2. Smallest scope possible — useState > Context > Zustand > Redux
3. No useEffect for derived state — use useMemo or compute inline
4. Selectors always — useStore(s => s.field) not useStore()
5. URL is state — search params, filters, pagination → URL, not React state

---

Phase 5: Hooks Engineering

Custom Hook Template

// hooks/useDebounce.ts
export function useDebounce<T>(value: T, delayMs: number = 300): T {
  const [debouncedValue, setDebouncedValue] = useState(value)

  useEffect(() => {
    const timer = setTimeout(() => setDebouncedValue(value), delayMs)
    return () => clearTimeout(timer)
  }, [value, delayMs])

  return debouncedValue
}

Essential Custom Hooks Library

Hook	Purpose	When to Use
useDebounce	Debounce value changes	Search inputs, resize
useMediaQuery	Responsive breakpoints	Conditional rendering
useLocalStorage	Persistent local state	Preferences, drafts
useIntersection	Viewport detection	Lazy load, infinite scroll
usePrevious	Track previous value	Animations, comparisons
useClickOutside	Detect outside clicks	Dropdowns, modals
useEventListener	Safe event binding	Keyboard, scroll, resize
useToggle	Boolean state toggle	Modals, accordions

Hook Rules (beyond React's rules)

1. One concern per hook — useUserSearch not useEverything
2. Return tuple or object — tuple for 1-2 values, object for 3+
3. Accept options object — useDebounce(value, { delay: 300 }) scales better
4. Handle cleanup — every subscription/timer needs cleanup in useEffect return
5. No hooks in conditions — extract conditional logic into the hook body
6. Test hooks independently — use renderHook from testing-library

---

Phase 6: TypeScript Integration

Strict Configuration

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "strict": true,
    "noUncheckedIndexedAccess": true,
    "noImplicitOverride": true,
    "exactOptionalPropertyTypes": true,
    "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,
    "paths": {
      "@/*": ["./src/*"]
    }
  }
}

Essential Type Patterns

// 1. Discriminated unions for state machines
type AsyncState<T> =
  | { status: 'idle' }
  | { status: 'loading' }
  | { status: 'success'; data: T }
  | { status: 'error'; error: Error }

// 2. Polymorphic components
type ButtonProps<C extends ElementType = 'button'> = {
  as?: C
  variant?: 'primary' | 'secondary'
} & ComponentPropsWithoutRef<C>

export function Button<C extends ElementType = 'button'>({
  as,
  variant = 'primary',
  ...props
}: ButtonProps<C>) {
  const Component = as || 'button'
  return <Component {...props} />
}

// 3. Branded types for IDs
type UserId = string & { __brand: 'UserId' }
type PostId = string & { __brand: 'PostId' }

// 4. Zod for runtime validation
const userSchema = z.object({
  id: z.string().uuid(),
  email: z.string().email(),
  role: z.enum(['admin', 'user', 'viewer']),
})
type User = z.infer<typeof userSchema>

5 TypeScript Rules

1. Zero any — use unknown and narrow, or generics
2. Zod at boundaries — validate all external data (API, forms, URL params)
3. Discriminated unions over optional fields — { status: 'success'; data: T } not { data?: T; error?: Error }
4. Branded types for IDs — prevent userId being passed where postId expected
5. Satisfies over as — config satisfies Config preserves inference; as Config lies

---

Phase 7: Performance Optimization

Performance Budget

Metric	Target	Measurement
First Contentful Paint	< 1.8s	Lighthouse
Largest Contentful Paint	< 2.5s	Lighthouse
Interaction to Next Paint	< 200ms	Lighthouse
Cumulative Layout Shift	< 0.1	Lighthouse
Bundle size (gzipped)	< 200 KB	webpack-bundle-analyzer
JS execution (main thread)	< 3s	Chrome DevTools

Optimization Priority Stack

Priority	Technique	Impact	Effort
P0	Code splitting (route-based)	🔴 High	Low
P0	Image optimization (next/image, srcset)	🔴 High	Low
P1	Tree shaking (named imports)	🟡 Medium	Low
P1	Virtualization for long lists	🟡 Medium	Medium
P1	Debounce expensive operations	🟡 Medium	Low
P2	React.memo on expensive components	🟢 Low-Med	Low
P2	useMemo/useCallback for expensive calculations	🟢 Low-Med	Low
P3	Web Workers for heavy computation	🟢 Low	High

Code Splitting Patterns

// 1. Route-based (automatic with Next.js, manual with React Router)
const Dashboard = lazy(() => import('./features/dashboard'))
const Settings = lazy(() => import('./features/settings'))

// 2. Component-based (heavy components)
const Chart = lazy(() => import('./components/Chart'))
const MarkdownEditor = lazy(() =>
  import('./components/MarkdownEditor').then(m => ({ default: m.MarkdownEditor }))
)

// 3. Library-based (heavy third-party)
const { PDFViewer } = await import('@react-pdf/renderer')

React Compiler (React 19+)

// With React Compiler enabled, manual memo/useMemo/useCallback become unnecessary
// The compiler auto-memoizes. Remove manual optimizations:
// ❌ const memoized = useMemo(() => expensiveCalc(data), [data])
// ✅ const memoized = expensiveCalc(data)  // compiler handles it

// Enable in babel config:
// plugins: [['babel-plugin-react-compiler', {}]]

Rendering Performance Rules

1. Never create components inside components — define at module level
2. Never create objects/arrays in JSX — style={{ color: 'red' }} rerenders always
3. Children as props prevent rerender — <Layout><ExpensiveChild /></Layout>
4. Key must be stable and unique — not index, not Math.random()
5. Avoid context value churn — memoize provider value or split contexts
6. Profile before optimizing — React DevTools Profiler, not guesswork

---

Phase 8: Error Handling & Resilience

Error Boundary Architecture

// Three levels of error boundaries:
// 1. App-level (catches everything, shows full-page error)
// 2. Feature-level (isolates feature failures)
// 3. Component-level (for risky widgets — charts, third-party)

// Modern error boundary with react-error-boundary
import { ErrorBoundary, FallbackProps } from 'react-error-boundary'

function FeatureErrorFallback({ error, resetErrorBoundary }: FallbackProps) {
  return (
    <div role="alert" className="rounded-lg border-red-200 bg-red-50 p-4">
      <h3>Something went wrong</h3>
      <pre className="text-sm text-red-600">{error.message}</pre>
      <button onClick={resetErrorBoundary}>Try again</button>
    </div>
  )
}

// Usage:
<ErrorBoundary FallbackComponent={FeatureErrorFallback} onReset={() => queryClient.clear()}>
  <DashboardFeature />
</ErrorBoundary>

Error Handling Checklist

• App-level error boundary wrapping entire app
• Feature-level boundaries for each major feature
• API errors handled in TanStack Query's onError / error states
• Form validation errors shown inline (not alerts)
• 404 page for unknown routes
• Offline detection and graceful degradation
• Error reporting to monitoring (Sentry, etc.)
• User-friendly error messages (no stack traces in production)

---

Phase 9: Forms & Validation

Form Library Decision

Library	Best For	Bundle	Renders
React Hook Form	Most forms	9 KB	Minimal (uncontrolled)
Formik	Simple forms	13 KB	Every keystroke
TanStack Form	Type-safe complex	5 KB	Controlled
Native	1-2 field forms	0 KB	You control

Default recommendation: React Hook Form + Zod

Form Pattern

const schema = z.object({
  email: z.string().email('Invalid email'),
  password: z.string().min(8, 'Min 8 characters'),
  role: z.enum(['admin', 'user']),
})
type FormData = z.infer<typeof schema>

export function LoginForm({ onSubmit }: { onSubmit: (data: FormData) => void }) {
  const form = useForm<FormData>({
    resolver: zodResolver(schema),
    defaultValues: { email: '', password: '', role: 'user' },
  })

  return (
    <form onSubmit={form.handleSubmit(onSubmit)} noValidate>
      <label htmlFor="email">Email</label>
      <input id="email" type="email" {...form.register('email')} aria-invalid={!!form.formState.errors.email} />
      {form.formState.errors.email && (
        <p role="alert">{form.formState.errors.email.message}</p>
      )}
      {/* ... more fields */}
      <button type="submit" disabled={form.formState.isSubmitting}>
        {form.formState.isSubmitting ? 'Signing in...' : 'Sign in'}
      </button>
    </form>
  )
}

---

Phase 10: Testing Strategy

Test Pyramid for React

Level	Tool	Coverage Target	What to Test
Unit	Vitest	80% business logic	Hooks, utilities, reducers
Component	Testing Library	Key user flows	Rendering, interactions, a11y
Integration	Testing Library	Feature flows	Multi-component workflows
E2E	Playwright	Critical paths	Auth, checkout, core flows
Visual	Chromatic/Percy	UI components	Regression detection

Testing Patterns

// Component test (Testing Library philosophy: test behavior, not implementation)
import { render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
import userEvent from '@testing-library/user-event'

describe('UserCard', () => {
  it('calls onEdit when edit button clicked', async () => {
    const user = userEvent.setup()
    const onEdit = vi.fn()
    render(<UserCard user={mockUser} onEdit={onEdit} />)

    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /edit/i }))
    expect(onEdit).toHaveBeenCalledWith(mockUser.id)
  })

  it('does not render edit button when onEdit not provided', () => {
    render(<UserCard user={mockUser} />)
    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: /edit/i })).not.toBeInTheDocument()
  })
})

7 Testing Rules

1. Test behavior, not implementation — never test state directly or useEffect
2. Use accessible queries — getByRole > getByTestId > getByText
3. User events over fireEvent — userEvent.click simulates real interaction
4. One assertion per concept — not one per test, but focused assertions
5. Mock at boundaries — API calls, not internal functions
6. No snapshot tests — they break on every change and test nothing meaningful
7. Arrange-Act-Assert — clear structure in every test

---

Phase 11: Accessibility (a11y)

10-Point Accessibility Checklist

1. Semantic HTML — <button> not <div onClick>, <nav> not <div class="nav">
2. Keyboard navigation — every interactive element reachable via Tab, operable via Enter/Space
3. Focus management — visible focus indicator, logical tab order, focus trap in modals
4. Alt text — every <img> has descriptive alt (or alt="" if decorative)
5. Color contrast — 4.5:1 for normal text, 3:1 for large text (WCAG AA)
6. ARIA labels — aria-label for icon-only buttons, aria-describedby for hints
7. Live regions — aria-live="polite" for dynamic content (toasts, form errors)
8. Reduced motion — respect prefers-reduced-motion for animations
9. Screen reader testing — test with VoiceOver (Mac) or NVDA (Windows)
10. Automated scanning — axe-core in CI (vitest-axe or @axe-core/playwright)

---

Phase 12: Production Deployment Checklist

Mandatory (P0)

• TypeScript strict mode, zero errors
• All tests passing
• Bundle analyzed, no unexpected large dependencies
• Error boundaries at app and feature level
• Environment variables validated at build time
• Security headers configured (CSP, HSTS, X-Frame-Options)
• SEO meta tags (title, description, OG tags)
• Analytics/error monitoring integrated
• Performance budget met (LCP < 2.5s)

Recommended (P1)

• Storybook for component library
• Visual regression tests
• a11y automated checks in CI
• Feature flags for risky features
• Preview deployments for PRs
• Bundle size CI check (fail if +10%)

Recommended Stack (2025+)

Layer	Recommendation	Alternative
Framework	Next.js 15	Remix, Vite SPA
Language	TypeScript (strict)	—
Styling	Tailwind CSS v4	CSS Modules
Components	shadcn/ui	Radix, Headless UI
State (server)	TanStack Query v5	SWR
State (client)	Zustand	Jotai
Forms	React Hook Form + Zod	TanStack Form
Testing	Vitest + Testing Library	Jest
E2E	Playwright	Cypress
Linting	Biome	ESLint + Prettier
Auth	Auth.js (NextAuth)	Clerk, Lucia
Database	Drizzle ORM	Prisma
Deployment	Vercel	Cloudflare, Fly.io
Monitoring	Sentry	Datadog

---

Quality Scoring (0-100)

Dimension	Weight	What to Score
Architecture	20%	Structure, separation, patterns
Type safety	15%	Strict TS, zero any, Zod boundaries
Performance	15%	Core Web Vitals, bundle size
Testing	15%	Coverage, quality, pyramid
Accessibility	10%	WCAG AA, keyboard, screen reader
State management	10%	Right tool, no prop drilling
Error handling	10%	Boundaries, user-friendly, monitoring
Developer experience	5%	Linting, formatting, CI speed

Grading: 90+ World-class | 75-89 Production-ready | 60-74 Needs work | <60 Tech debt crisis

---

10 Common Mistakes

#	Mistake	Fix
1	useEffect for derived state	Compute inline or useMemo
2	Prop drilling 5+ levels deep	Context, Zustand, or composition
3	Fetching in useEffect	TanStack Query or framework loaders
4	Default exports everywhere	Named exports for refactoring safety
5	Testing implementation details	Test behavior with Testing Library
6	Giant components (500+ lines)	Extract hooks and sub-components
7	No error boundaries	Add at app, feature, and widget level
8	Redux for server state	TanStack Query for API data
9	Ignoring a11y until the end	Build accessible from day 1
10	No TypeScript strict mode	Enable strict, fix all errors

---

Natural Language Commands

• "Set up a new React project" → Phase 1-2 architecture + structure
• "Review my component" → Phase 3 rules + quality scoring
• "Help me choose state management" → Phase 4 decision tree
• "Optimize performance" → Phase 7 priority stack + profiling
• "Add error handling" → Phase 8 error boundary architecture
• "Build a form" → Phase 9 React Hook Form + Zod pattern
• "Write tests for this component" → Phase 10 testing patterns
• "Check accessibility" → Phase 11 checklist
• "Prepare for production" → Phase 12 deployment checklist
• "Audit my React app" → Full quality scoring across all phases
• "Migrate from class components" → Modern patterns + hooks
• "Upgrade to React 19" → Compiler, Server Components, Actions

---

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